What Is a Maya Codex and How Many Are There

Codex refers to an old type of book made with pages bound together (as opposed to a scroll). Only 3 or 4 of these hand-painted hieroglyphic codices from the Post-classical Maya remain, thanks to environmental factors and zealous purging by 16th-century clergy. The codices are long strips of folded accordion-style, creating pages about 10x23 cm. They were probably made from the inner bark of fig trees coated with lime and then written on with ink and brushes. The text on them is short and needs more study. It appears to describe astronomy, almanacs, ceremonies, and prophecies. Why Is It 3 or 4? There are three Maya Codices named for the places they are currently located, Madrid, Dresden, and Paris. The fourth, possibly a fake, is named for the place it was first shown, the Grolier Club of New York City. The Grolier Codex was discovered in Mexico in 1965, by Dr. Josà © Saenz. In contrast, the Dresden Codex was acquired from a private individual in 1739. Dresden Codex Unfortunately, the Dresden Codex suffered (especially, water) damage during the Second World War. However, before then, copies were made that continue to be of use. Ernst Fà ¶rstemann published photochromolithographic editions twice, in 1880 and 1892. You can download a copy of this as PDF from the FAMSI website. Also, see the Dresden Codex picture accompanying this article. The Madrid Codex The 56-page Madrid Codex, written in front, and back, was split into two pieces and kept separate until 1880 when Là ©on de Rosny realized they belonged together. The Madrid Codex is also called Tro-Cortesianus. It is now in the Museo de Amà ©rica, in Madrid, Spain. Brasseur de Bourbourg made a chromolithographic rendition of it. FAMSI provides a PDF of the Madrid Codex. The Paris Codex The Bibliothà ¨que Impà ©riale acquired the 22-page Paris Codex in 1832. Là ©on de Rosny is said to have discovered the Paris Codex in a corner of the Bibliothà ¨que Nationale in Paris in 1859, after which the Paris Codex made the news. It is called the Pà ©rez Codex and the Maya-Tzental Codex, but the preferred names are the Paris Codex and Codex Peresianus. A PDF showing photographs of the Paris Codex is also available courtesy of FAMSI. Source: Information comes from the FAMSI site: The Ancient Codices. FAMSI stands for Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.

Starbucks Strategy - 1531 Words

Running head: STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY1 Dr. Shavers Assignment 1: Starbucks’s Strategy Modern Management Strayer University October 21, 2014 Submitted by: RUNNING HEAD: STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY2 Starbuck’s Coffee is a multi-billion dollar company. It was founded in 1971 in Seattle, Washington. It was a single store located in the Park Place Market area of Seattle. The idea started with three friends, Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegel, and Gordon Bowker. They opened a small shop and began selling fresh-roasted, gourmet coffee beans and brewing and roasting accessories. The company’s total revenue for 2013 was $14.8 Billion Dollars. Today, they have more than 21,000 stores in 65 countries and is the premier roaster and retailer†¦show more content†¦Starbucks as earned this reputation through its actions in all phases of its business and live out the commitment through both its mission statement and values. Starbucks has business ethics program that is used to protect its Missions’ Culture. It is used to assist the partners to make ethical decision at their jobs. The decisions of the management and its choices for the company has a tremendous effect on employees, customers and the business. Starbucks has created an environment that is very rel axing to customers. It is a one of a kind coffee shop. There is no other coffee shop of this kind. Everything within the Starbuck’s environment is relaxing, calming and tension relieving. They make it the perfect comfort zone. One key management competency that Starbucks manager is like to have is Leadership Abilities. An individual must have great leadership skill in order to lead others. Leadership is the Process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task (Schreiner. 2011). There are very few people that can become leaders. It takes a very special individual to become aShow MoreRelatedStarbucks Marketing Strategy For Starbucks1429 Words   |  6 Pages MARKETING CA1 Dylan Nolan â€Æ' Contents Starbucks Marketing Strategy 2 Starbucks SWOT Analysis 4 Starbucks Macro-Environment Forces 5 Starbucks Target Market Segmentation 6 Starbucks Social and Digital Media 7 Bibliography 8 References 8 Table of Figures 8 DECLARATION 9 â€Æ' Starbucks Marketing Strategy 1) Please expand on the various marketing strategies that were implemented in Starbucks at this time and comment on whether you think these strategies worked, and why? ‘To inspire and nurture theRead MoreStarbucks strategy7015 Words   |  29 Pagesï » ¿ Introduction The first Starbucks store was set up in 1971 by three individuals who had a common liking for coffee and exotic teas- Jerry Baldwin, History teacher Zev Seigel and writer Gordon Bowker. The store was named Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spice in the tourist’s Pikes Place Market in Seattle. 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Human Resource Management Hazards in Workplace

Question: Describe about the Human Resource Management for Hazards in Workplace. Answer: Introduction A safety inspection is a dignified and a properly recognized procedure that helps to recognize hazards in the workplace. Safety inspection takes place in all diverse forms that depends on the environment that is being tested. Some safety inspection is carried out to check the vehicle safety while some are carried out to check hazards in the office buildings. A safety inspection mainly looks at the physical state as well as workplace practices in a place of work. The overall objective of safety inspection is to recognize the hazards in order to eliminate the risk associated with the organization (Woodcock, 2014). The process by which uncertainty in the workplace is recognized is termed as risk management. A risk management plan involves an imperative part that helps to minimize the negative impacts. Steggles Quality Chicken is a famous chicken farm in Australia and the Steggles chicken follows a well fair diet that primarily compromises of Australian grown grain. Most of the poultry farms use tunnel-ventilated poultry houses and most of the Steggles poultry houses utilises a high-tech temperature feelers that helps to monitor the air temperature. The organization mainly aims to produce the best of Australian chicken. The company also has more than 90 years of experience (Hu, 2016). There are mainly five regional offices of Steggles Chicken, namely NSW, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. There are more than 150 employees and the role of the poultry farm supervisor is to oversee chicken farms and handle sales. Poultry farm supervisors work together with other farm pers onnel to develop farm schedules. It also has a wide customer base that ranges from major supermarket retailers in order to provide quick service restaurants that includes KFC, Red Rooster and Nandos. The company provides more than 40 products in the Food Service Industry. Project part 1 The following safety inspection for identifying occupational hazards was carried out at a poultry industry named the Steggles Quality Chicken. The brand is highly renowned among the individuals in Australia. It is located near Pendle Hill at Australia. Keeping poultry farm healthy and prevention of endemic infection There is high possibility that Steggles Quality Chicken is likely to get affected by a variety of diseases as well as parasites. As a result, they are required to introduce and uphold a strict cleanliness program that will help to keep diseases away from the poultry farm. The safety inspection will help to monitor and prevent diseases. The trained employees are mainly required to carry out the daily inspection. The inspection will help to detect the early indication of diseases by notifying changes in the in the behaviour and state of individual chicken. The changes in intake of food and water are the early indication of ill health. This can also be indicated by changes in egg quality such as shell blemish. The members of the Poultry Health Scheme require carrying out this safety inspection on a daily basis. There are various types of diseases that need to be detected with the help of safety inspection (Yu et al., 2014). One of the most infected diseases is Salmonella that is mainly caused by food poisoning. This type is disease is either mild or severe and this disease is mainly caused by the consumption of meat, milk as well as eggs. Another type of disease that is Zoonoses that is passed onto individuals directly from direct contact with the contaminated animal. To reduce the health risk, it is important to undertake a number of safety measures. The microorganisms that lead to zoonoses are subject toCOSHH. This risk can be minimized by keeping stock healthy as well as providing proper vaccination to the animals. A good farming condition is essential to minimize the risk of disease and thus preventing death of the individuals (Amalya et al., 2016). Lifting and pushing Most of the injuries are caused by improper lifting techniques as well as pushing. The most understandable cause that leads to injuries due to lifting are deprived physical condition, poor posture as well as extreme body weight. It is thus important for the organization to check the object before trying to lift it. The heavy objects that are mainly lifted in a poultry farm includes the fresh chicken that are raised. Steggles Quality Chicken needs to make the use of conveyers to remove skin as well as trimming waste and carcasses. They also require making the use of vacuum lifters for packaged products to avoid the problems related to lifting. The organization also requires training the employees regarding how to use safety equipments (Cal-Benzoor et al., 2016). Steggles Quality Chicken should minimize attainment by diminishing the width of the conveyor in the work that involves hard physical effort to push the manufactured goods closer to the employee use. The organization also requires making the use of pallet jack while carrying or lifting the heavy objects. The safety inspection should also check that pertinent equipments such as pallets are clean when it is used. The overall condition of the equipments should be inspected in order to check their ability to protect the eggs from physical damage. The workers should be given adequate training regarding the way they should effectively carry out the work (Kraatz et al., 2013). Egg Collection and Storage: All the egg contact surfaces inside the poultry house should be inspected. The inspector should check that the eggs are protected from direct sunshine as well as rain and pest contagion. The systems that are used to protect the birds and the eggs should be kept clean. It should also be ensured that the eggs are packed in appropriate hygienic condition and should be prevented from animals. The packaging store and areas of eggs should be considered while carrying out the inspection (Hargitai et al., 2016). Disposal and Veterinary Inputs: The waste and dangerous substances should be stored as well as handled in order to prevent contagion. The information should be spread regarding the infectious diseases that are very harmful to the individuals. The inspection should be carried related to dead birds and the birds should be removed from cages to avoid the diseases. The mortality records needs to be taken into consideration. The inspector should be satisfied about the fact that the manure or litter does not cause any disease. They should ensure the fact that the birds receive proper vaccines during the laying period (Sambo et al., 2015). Slips, trips and falls As per the statistics, 66 percent of the fall that takes place in the poultry farm is mainly due to slips and trips. A slip takes place when there is a little friction between the footwear and the walking surface. Slippery floors generally present an invariable safety challenges in plants that leads to fractures, bruises as well as back pain. This problem can be resolved by adding grit to painted floor surfaces that provides better grip against slipping. The distance between rungs on portable ladders may not be uniform in Steggles Quality Chicken that might lead to slips and falls. Trips will usually take place when the foot of an individual collides with an object. The main cause of tripping includes poor lighting, crumpled carpeting, and exposed cables as well as rough walking surfaces. According to the report by Health and Safety Executive, most of the injuries that take place in the poultry farm are mainly due to slips, trips and falls (Chang et al., 2016). As per the demand by the workers, an internal team visits the poultry farm every month to check the standard operating process. This team also acts as an internal quality reassurance cell that helps to develop the working environment by continually modernizing the working environment (Leclercq et al., 2015). It is very important to clean and wash the floors in the poultry farm to avoid the injuries. The following measures that will help to prevent slips, trips and falls at poultry farm are as follows: 1) The creation of a well-maintained housekeeping practice: It is very important to create a well-maintained housekeeping practice as safety and housekeeping goes hand-in-hand. If the housekeeping facility in the poultry farm is poor, it will result to a higher occurrence of the injuries to the workers. Appropriate housekeeping should be a routine for Steggles Quality Chicken to avoid slips, trips and falls. In order to execute a proper housekeeping it is important to plan the program properly, assign the responsibility to a specific individual for cleaning the floors and implement the program by establishing a proper housekeeping process (Miller, Raysich Kirkland, 2016). 2) Reduce damp or greasy surface: Walking surfaces mainly accounts for a momentous portion of injuries that are reported by state agencies. Shower stalls in residential dorms, sidewalks as well as parking lots are the most common types of surfaces where injuries are likely to take place. Due to the change in the weather condition grip on the outdoor surfaces changes considerably. The indoor surfaces are also affected by the change in the weather condition as it is followed in by pedestrian traffic. However, damp can be reduced by keeping parking lots and sidewalks hygienic as well as in a good repair state (Bakon et al., 2015). 3) Wear Proper Shoes: The shoes that are wore by the individuals in the poultry farm can act as a good measure to avoid slips and falls. In order to avoid slips, trips and falls it is important to wear the type of heel that will be evaluated enough to avoid slips. The shoelaces needs to be tied properly that will also help to avoid slips. While carrying out the safety inspection, it is very important to investigate the footwear that mainly contributes to such accidents. 4) Control the behaviour of the individual: One of the toughest conditions is the control of the individual behaviour. Random thoughts that lead to such injuries mainly distract an individual. In other words, if an individual is in a hurry or if he is walking too fast that will increase the chance of slip, fall or trip. Birds and Housing: It is very important to carry out the inspection in the poultry houses regarding cleanliness. The inspection should mainly carried out to ensure the hygiene of the eggs and also to ensure that pest activities are discouraged. The design and preservation of cage systems should also be inspected to ensure that there is no increase of manure inside the cages. The safety inspection of the laying birds should also be carried out in order to check the cleanliness. The state of any litter provided should be ensured. Perches must be positioned in such a way that the fouling of the birds does not fall in drinking and feeding facilities (Kalupahana et al., 2013). Workplace Violence: The workplace violence is related to the incidents in which a person is abused or threatened. Workplace violence mainly ranges from threats, vocal abuse as well as physical assaults and slaughter. The risks related to violence mainly increases when an individual starts working for an unpredictable and unbalanced people (Jaleel, Sheikh Ahmed, 2016). There are various ways by which workplace violence can be reduced: It is important to secure the poultry farm by the installation of video surveillance as well as extra lighting and alarm systems. It is also important to drop safes in order to edge the total if cash on hand. As a result, Steggles Quality Chicken needs to keep a negligible amount of cash in records during evenings as well as late night hours. The field workers should be equipped with cellular phones as well as hand-held alarms. The organization should establish a clear code of conducts that should be related to zero-tolerance with respect to ethical harassment. The company should instruct the workers not to enter any location where they will not feel secure. The organization requires developing policies as well as procedures that will cover the visits made by health-care providers (Bowie, Fisher Cooper, 2012). Machinery: Steggles Quality Chicken mainly uses heavy machines that include feeders that are used to feed the poultry birds. The food is deposited in the feeder to feed the birds. Another type of machinery that is used in the company is heaters that is indispensable for the poultry farm to regulate the temperature especially during cold weather. However, while using the various machinery it is important to use safety measures as the workers can be trapped and injured by moving parts of the machines. Sharp rims might lead to cuts and severe injuries if the workers do not take precautionary measures. In order to prevent the risk, the workers working in Steggles Quality Chicken check that the machine is comprehensive with all safeguards built-in and they are free from defects. The visual management system also requires to be taken into consideration. As a result, the new individuals require getting enough training on how to handle the machineries that are used in Steggles Quality Chicke n (Zaher, Higgins Carpenter-Boggs, 2016). Work place stress: Most of the task in the poultry farm involves a high stressed work that involves the use of muscles as well as body parts. The workers mainly perform comprehensive reaches when conveyers are too broad. Poultry farming is a very difficult and a demanding occupation. The stress mainly takes place in poultry farming during hot August afternoon. Work place stress affects the individuals in various ways that leads to physical as well as emotional pain. The physical pain includes headaches, backaches as well as sleep disturbances and the emotional pain includes depression, anger, anxiety as well as loss of spirit. As per reports, the individuals who are engaged in poultry farming face more stress as compared to those who does not work in poultry farm (Mackey et al., 2014). Workplace stresses are likely to affect both male and females largely. There are various ways by which workplace stress can be reduced: The workers require sharing their thoughts as well as feelings with his colleagues to avoid the stress. It is important to increase social contact in order to have a strong network with friends and family. It is also important to improve the quality of sleep by keeping a regular sleep timetable. Workplace stress can also be avoided by prioritizing and organizing. In other words, various practical steps need to be taken at the workplace (van Dick Haslam, 2012). Water and Feed: In this case, the inspection should determine the source of the ingredients used while crushing and mixing of feed takes place. The safety inspection should determine how each element is stored on the site. The risk due to contamination should also be inspected. The inspection should also consider the risks that mainly takes place due to access of the birds to the rangeland or to other farm buildings or stores. If birds have access to the area around the feed bin then this should be checked for spillage. The source of the water supply should also be inspected while carrying out the safety inspection. The inspection should also review the cleanliness of drinking systems in the arranging house. The inspection should also take into consideration whether the birds are consuming water outside the house. The inspection should also consider the cleaning and disinfection practices associated with drinkers (Folorunso, Kayode Onibon, 2014). Thus from the above inspection it has been observed that the following hazards such as lifting and pushing, slip trip and falls, egg collection and storage, birds and housing, workplace violence, machinery, work place stress and water and feed were recognized. Providing training the young as well as old workers, establishing checklists to outline the hazards, incorporating equipment maintenance, and instituting worker welfare policies as suggested above can help diminish the diverse occupational hazards. Legislative Framework For OSH The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 provides for the promotion as well as coordination and management of occupational safety and health. The company will make the use of safe systems of work in order to reduce the harm that are likely to caused by machinery. To manage machinery hazard regulation 3.7 of the OSH Regulation 2011 is applicable. To manage Work place stress regulation 3.1 of the OSH Regulation 1997 is applicable. Project part 2 The following risk assessment was carried out at a poultry industry named the Steggles Quality Chicken. An iconic Australian brand is well known for its quality and innovation. The brand is highly renowned among the individuals in Australia. It is located near Pendle Hill at Australia (Li, 2014). Risk is an intrinsic feature of modern poultry production. Decision-making is the most important activity of management. Risk is identified as the main cause of uncertainty in an organization. The firm gradually concentrates more on the recognition of risk as well as managing them before they affect the entire business. The capability to manage risk helps the company to act more self-assuredly. In an organization, risk management is very important as without risk management it becomes difficult for the firms to define its objectives for the outlook. The types of routine hazards that are associated with Steggles Quality Chicken include physical hazard such as weather extremes, chemical hazards such as raw materials and biological hazards such as parasites. As a result, the Pullorum Disease eradication program needs to be initiated by Steggles Quality Chicken. The risk management program should be related to quality systems in the poultry industry that will help to control and improve the quality of the product. Various factors in the environment are known to affect the organization to some extent and as a result, it is important to intervene a risk management program (Humphrey et al., 2014). The five basic principles of risk management include the identification of risk, the analysis of risk, risk financing as well as claim management. Most biosecurity programs are based on some form of risk investigation that involves the recognition of hazards. Most of the assessments are easy and almost certainly not even recognized as risky analysis by farm managers while developing as well as putting into practice farm procedures. In poultry farm such as Steggles Quality Chicken, the risk of virus invasion relies on various contacts with the world outside the farm and the prospect of each of these contacts involves impure or infected material. Most veterinarians that serve the poultry industry is not generally trained on how to analyse risk (Haimes, 2015).However, they make use of same scientific values while developing biosecurity policies. In order to overcome the deficiency, an exposure risk index has been developed that allows some contrast of the level of risk posed by diverse activities. The steps that are followed for having a good risk management are as follows: Identification of Risk Risk Evaluation and Assessment Develop a Risk Management Strategy Execute the Risk Management Strategy Monitor the Results and Begin Again Identification of Risk Step 1 The identification of risk is associated with the process of determining risks that could potentially avoid the program or investment from accomplishing the objectives. Risk identification is the procedure by which the possible threats to the area of interest are charged. The best method by which the risks are identified is by reviewing the way that farms use for the introduction of items or individuals. The assessment also examines the activities in the surrounding area of the farm that generally adds to risk that includes the presence of other farms or congregates of poultry. The market value chain also helps to analyse and provide information that helps to identify high-risks practices (Noon et al., 2016). Risk Evaluation and Assessment-Step 2 Risk evaluation is mainly concerned with the assessment of probability as well as impact of individual risks. Risk assessment on the other hand, is the determination of qualitative approximation of risk that is related to a distinct situation as well as recognized hazard. The assessment of risk that are applied to poultry farms are comprised of a release assessment as well as an exposure assessment. Both the assessments are influenced by management systems that are engaged on farms in order to diminish the risks. These are shared with an appraisal of consequences in order to provide an in general assessment of risk. The risk assessment takes into account the existing measures related to risk-reduction as well as other planned measures. With the help of risk assessment, it has been identified that there are serious risk that are associated with faulty installation of electricity. The .individuals who are engaged with the risk can also get exposed to lethal injuries due to ignition of LPG from tank as well as pipe work. The moving parts of the machinery are also likely to cause deadly injury to the workers engaged with the poultry farm (Chapman et al., 2016). The exposure assessment deals with the effect of invasion of virus into a flock of poultrys that depends on the vulnerability of the species reared disposal and veterinary inputs. In case of virus introduced to a poultry dwelling on footwear, birds on trash are usually at elevated risk of revelation to the pathogen than those in cages. The penalty of exposure is customized by the use of vaccines that increases confrontation to infection as well as decrease case reproduction number. In order to increase confrontation to infection as well as to reduce the effects of virus it is very important to use vaccine in the farm. The stockpile compactness of poultry in a farm also influences the size of the outbreak (Deschuyffeleer et al., 2012). Develop a Risk Management Strategy Step 3 In order to manage the risk the most important step is to develop a risk management strategy. In order to cope with all types of risk it is very important to develop a risk strategy. Most of the individuals who are related with poultry, experience diverse types of threats at the same types. The reduction of risk is the most important strategy that are used in amalgamation with one another as a single strategy will not be able to cover all the risks that are likely to be met (Alders et al., 2014). The various steps that are used to develop the risk management strategy are as follows: Identification of the most appropriate strategy Determining the degree to which the risk may be reduced Identifying the cost of putting the strategy into practice Consider up the costs and benefits It is very important to identify some aspects of costs that tend to be more imperative as compared to other in selecting between risk management strategies. The following steps are used to enclose the risk and its effects: Keep hold of the Risk Alleviate or Reduce the Risk Evade the Risk Transfer the Risk Keep hold of the Risk: The poultry farms mainly accept the losses if they feel that the risk does not acquire heavy losses. Alleviate or Reduce the Risk: The alleviation of risk is also referred to as the prevention of loss. This strategy mainly deals with cost effectiveness while managing high frequency as well as low cruelty risk. The reduction of risk is mainly an approach that is intrinsic in the procedure of the company or an exacting project. However, the steps must be taken to decrease the probability of an adverse circumstance. There are fire risks that are associated with the poultry farms. In order to reduce the risk it is important to remove explosion sources as well as restrict the fire loading. The most important aim of the risk alleviation strategy is to limit the effects machinery that is likely to cause injuries (Levionnois Mormde, 2014). Evade the Risk: It is very important for Steggles Quality Chicken to evade the risks that are of high regularity as well as of high sternness. Transfer the Risk: The most imperative strategy for low frequency as well as high severity is the transfer of risk. The final step in the development of the risk management strategy is to transfer the risk to the third parties when all other alternatives have been put in place. In preparing for an in detail discussion of risk, it is important to have a clear picture of the poultry farms and the farm households. This will help in a better understanding of the farming activities (Swayne et al., 2013). Execute the Risk Management Strategy- Step 4 Once the risk assessment is completed, the risk of infection is established. The insinuation for a number of measures is determined and the individuals who are engaged with Steggles Quality Chicken makes the suitable changes to existing biosecurity systems. In the case of few poultry farms, the risk related to virus incursion is likely to be considered at a high level. In order to execute the risk management it is important to have a proper level of insurance (Septiani et al., 2016). Monitor the Risk Management Strategy- Step 5 Risk mitigation is the procedure that helps to develop and enhance opportunities that will reduce threats to the organization. Both the internal and external assessors are responsible for monitoring the procedure. Various steps are used to monitor the risk management are as follows: The comprehensive range of risk needs to be addressed by Steggles Quality Chicken that will conclude the strategic as well as operational objectives. It is important link risk information to risk appetite as well as tolerance of risk (Mason, 2014). The key proposals or recommendations in the case of Steggles Quality Chicken that will be assisted to the CEO to reduce or eliminate the organizational loss are as follows: It is important to do observation about the live and the dead birds in order to reduce the risk of infection. The absolute risk that is related to the individuals associated with Steggles Quality Chicken can be reduced by the performing the surveillance. The risk is likely to get higher if the individuals have direct contact with dead birds as well as their droppings. The public should be aware about the risk that arises due to the above-mentioned situation. They require observing personal cleanliness at all times after contacting dead, sick birds, or their droppings. The level of biosecurity should be maintained and it also needs to be monitored with due meticulousness (Sadgrove, 2016). Since 1997, there has been an increasing concern that is related to the number of total chicken that are growing in domestic farms. This is mainly because an increase in the large number of birds in the poultry is likely to pose difficulties in controlling the infectious diseases. All the birds in the poultry needs to be vaccinated against all the highly infectious disease that leads to endemic infection. It is also recommended that an effective examination of all dead poultry is imperative. Its performance should be personally checked. There should be no live poultry farm in local wet markets in order to minimize the direct contact with the individuals. The unvaccinated patch poultry that is not protected by biosecurity measures in their living surroundings are at risk of disease by undomesticated birds. The entire team of Steggles Quality Chicken needs to implement the strategies practically those are expedient to the poultry farm that requires following the rules and guidelines. The team needs to develop various strategies in order to overcome the above mentioned hazards. Conclusion It has been concluded that the safety inspection will help to detect the early indication of diseases by notifying changes in the in the behaviour and state of individual chicken. The inspection should be carried related to dead birds and the birds should be removed from cages to avoid the diseases. Quality Chicken should diminish achievement by diminishing the thickness of the conveyor in the work that involves hard physical effort to push the manufactured goods closer to the employee use. It has also been concluded that the packaging store and areas of eggs should also be considered while carrying out the inspection. It becomes difficult for a farm to define its objectives for the outlook without a proper risk management. The reduction of risk is the principal strategy that are used in incorporation with one another as a single strategy will not be able to cover all the risks that are likely to be met. In order to check the cleanliness, it is very important to carry out a safety in spection of the laying birds. The safety inspection should conclude how every element is stocked up on the site. The risk due to contagion should also be inspected. References Alders, R., Awuni, J. A., Bagnol, B., Farrell, P., de Haan, N. (2014). Impact of avian influenza on village poultry production globally.Ecohealth,11(1), 63-72. Amalya, M., Iuliano, A. D., Wahyuningrum, Y., Praptiningsih, C. Y., Lafond, K. E., Storms, A. D., ... Storey, D. (2016). Physician's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza, and highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infections of humans in Indonesia.Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Bakon, S. K., Muhamad, N. A., Mohamad, Z. A., Adon, M. Y., Arip, M., Airaksinen, L., ... Hannu, T. J. (2015). Workplace interventions for preventing workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related rhinitis and rhinosinusitis.The Cochrane Library. Bowie, V., Fisher, B. S., Cooper, C. (Eds.). (2012).Workplace violence. Routledge. Cal-Benzoor, M., Dickstein, R., Arnon, M., Ayalon, M. (2016). Dynamic pushpull characteristics at three hand-reach envelopes: Applications for the workplace.Applied Ergonomics,52, 216-221. Chang, W. R., Leclercq, S., Lockhart, T. E., Haslam, R. (2016). State of science: occupational slips, trips and falls on the same level.Ergonomics, 1-23. Chapman, B., Otten, A., Fazil, A., Ernst, N., Smith, B. A. (2016). A review of quantitative microbial risk assessment and consumer process models for Campylobacter in broiler chickens.Microbial Risk Analysis,2, 3-15. Deschuyffeleer, T. P., Tyberghien, L. F., Dickx, V. L., Geens, T., Saelen, J. M., Vanrompay, D. C., Braeckman, L. A. (2012). Risk assessment and management of Chlamydia psittaci in poultry processing plants.Annals of occupational hygiene,56(3), 340-349. Folorunso, O. R., Kayode, S., Onibon, V. O. (2014). Poultry farm hygiene: microbiological quality assessment of drinking water used in layer chickens managed under the battery cage and deep litter systems at three poultry farms in southwestern Nigeria.Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,17(1), 74. Haimes, Y. Y. (2015).Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. Hargitai, R., Nyiri, Z., Eke, Z., Trk, J. (2016). Effects of temperature and duration of storage on the stability of antioxidant compounds in egg yolk and plasma.Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,89(2), 161-167. Hu, W. (2016). Calibration of multivariate generalized hyperbolic distributions using the EM algorithm, with applications in risk management, portfolio optimization and portfolio credit risk. Humphrey, S., Chaloner, G., Kemmett, K., Davidson, N., Williams, N., Kipar, A., ... Wigley, P. (2014). Campylobacter jejuni is not merely a commensal in commercial broiler chickens and affects bird welfare.MBio,5(4), e01364-14. Jaleel, A., Sheikh, S., Ahmed, T. (2016). Workplace Environment: Are We Safe from Violence?.Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences,6(2). Kalupahana, R. S., Kottawatta, K. S. A., Kanankege, K. S. T., van Bergen, M. A. P., Abeynayake, P., Wagenaar, J. A. (2013). Colonization of Campylobacter spp. in broiler chickens and laying hens reared in tropical climates with low-biosecurity housing.Applied and environmental microbiology,79(1), 393-395. Kraatz, S., Lang, J., Kraus, T., Mnster, E., Ochsmann, E. (2013). The incremental effect of psychosocial workplace factors on the development of neck and shoulder disorders: a systematic review of longitudinal studies.International archives of occupational and environmental health,86(4), 375-395. Leclercq, S., Cuny-Guerrier, A., Gaudez, C., Aublet-Cuvelier, A. (2015). Similarities between work related musculoskeletal disorders and slips, trips and falls.Ergonomics,58(10), 1624-1636. Levionnois, O. L., Mormde, P. (2014). Means of reducing pain in farm animals.Advances in Animal Biosciences,5(03), 333-342. Li, W. (2014).Risk assessment of power systems: models, methods, and applications. John Wiley Sons. Mackey, J. D., Perrewe, P. L., McAllister, C. P., Blass, F. R. (2014, January). Fit as a Resource to Reduce Workplace Stress: An Examination of Non-Veterans and Veterans. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 13729). Academy of Management. Mason, K. (2014). Risky (Agrià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) Business: Risk Assessment, Analysis and Management as Bioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ political Strategies.Sociologia ruralis,54(3), 382-397. Miller, D., Raysich, M., Kirkland, M. (2016). You Can't Reach for the Stars if You are Tripping Over the Ground!(Preventing Slips, Trips, and Falls). Noon, A. P., Martinsen, J. I., Catto, J. W., Pukkala, E. (2016). Occupation and bladder cancer phenotype: Identification of workplace patterns that increase the risk of advanced disease beyond overall incidence.European Urology Focus. Sadgrove, K. (2016).The complete guide to business risk management. Routle Sambo, E., Bettridge, J., Dessie, T., Amare, A., Habte, T., Wigley, P., Christley, R. M. (2015). Participatory evaluation of chicken health and production constraints in Ethiopia.Preventive veterinary medicine,118(1), 117-127. Septiani, W., Marimin, M., Herdiyeni, Y., Haditjaroko, L. (2016). Method and approach Mapping for Agri-food Supply Chain Risk Management: A literature review.International Journal of Supply Chain Management,5(2), 51-64. Swayne, D. E., Glisson, J. R., McDougald, L. R., Nolan, L. K., Suarez, D. L., Nair, V. L. (2013).Diseases of poultry. John Wiley Sons. van Dick, R., Haslam, S. A. (2012). Stress and well-being in the workplace: Support for key propositions from the social identity approach. Woodcock, K. (2014). Model of safety inspection.Safety science,62, 145-156. Yu, H., Wu, J. T., Cowling, B. J., Liao, Q., Fang, V. J., Zhou, S., ... Ni, M. Y. (2014). Effect of closure of live poultry markets on poultry-to-person transmission of avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an ecological study.The Lancet,383(9916), 541-548. Zaher, U., Higgins, S., Carpenter-Boggs, L. (2016). Interactive life cycle assessment framework to evaluate agricultural impacts and benchmark emission reduction credits from organic management.Journal of Cleaner Production,115, 182-190.

Edgar allan Essay Example For Students

Edgar allan Essay Edgar Allen Poe and His LifeStoryEdgar Allen Poe was a very famous poet and writer,Poe created many poems and stories such as The Raven, The Tall -Tale Heart, The Fall of The House of Usher and many more. (tompson 1)Edgar lived from 1809 to 1849. He was born on January 19,1809, in Boston Massachusetts but grew up in Richmond Virgina but through his many travels he lived in half a dozen eastern cities. He lived a short and tragic life. His first career was to study in law but soon went against his family and started a career in acting. His critic reviews were poor. Many critics thought his technique was bad.Edgars father was an actor by the name of David Poe and his mother also an actress by the name of Elizabeth.edgar was the second of three children, about the time that the third child was born Edgars father died. After his father had died Edgars mother and her two yougest children went to Richmond, his brother William already had been settled with relatives in Baltimore. Poes mothe r was in the lastest stages of her diesease, struggling with two kids, she died. Edgar and , an infant, Rosalie, were orphaned. Poe finally was hit with the reliazation of his parents death.In 1811on a visit of generousity, Mrs. Francis Allen learned of the situation of the Poe babies. Mrs. Allen had no babies of her own and to that she took home handsome little Edgar. Mr. John Allen didnt aprove of a permant adoption but he began to in time support the child, and became proud of his good looks and intelligence.When Edgar was six years old Mr. Allens bussiness took them to Scotland, they lived there for about five years. Edgar persued his education at the Irvin Grammer School in Irvin, Scotland.After many journeys throughtout his childhood Edgar and the Allens returned to Richmond, Virgina.There at the age of 11 Mr. Allen enrolled Edgar into the English and Classical School attended by sons of the more fashionable families of Richmond.There Edgar began to feel the difference between himself and the others at this school.To this Edgar the sense of injury made its self evident at home with fits of temper and rebellion for which there seemed to the family , no justification. Mr. Allen did not put up with such behavior , Mr.Allen repeatedly reminded Edgar about his disreputable parentage.In Edgars college years his growing antagonism between father and son, Mr. Allen was willing to send Edgar to the University of Virgina. Edgar had gone to the university to in fact get away from the Allen house hold. This indescribable social college campus set Edgar in for a major turn around , Edgar began to gamble to where he couldnt pay off debts he incountered, when Edgar drank is sent him into a wild statof excitement. Edagr was then pulled out of the University for such behavior. Mr.Allen then out him in a low, routine job at hjis counting house. This was very humiliating for Edgar and he just couldnt bear it anymore , the answer, to leave home.He left to Boston where hemanage to publish a collection of his poems, desperate for money, he then joined the army under th

Pornography and Ethics

Table of Contents Introduction Definition of pornography Ethical aspect of pornography Unethical aspect of Pornography Independent perspectives Conclusion References Introduction The modern society is saturated with many sexual images such shirtless male athletes and barely clothed females in advertisement and movies. In addition, nudity or soft-core pornography and explicit sex scenes or hardcore pornography shown in public televisions and over the internet are becoming more and more acceptable into the society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pornography and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This raises two questions; the effect of living in a society saturated with sexual images and existence of morals in modern society. Historically, sexual images served the purpose of worshipping gods, adorning pottery and criticizing the political elites. Thus, sexual images were imbedded in the religious , legal and moral context i.e. sexuality was never thought of as a separate sphere of life. However, in modern this perspective has ceased to exist. Sex is considered a form of advanced calisthenics i.e. an act whereby two people come together without consideration of its physical context. The set of all modern sexual images constitute pornography because they serve no intended purpose other than gratification. However, this is notion is pornography is partially accurate as it give a vague correlation between sexual images and pornography. This paper is going to assess the extent to what extent is the definition of pornography qualified to be used, and if pornography is ethical in modern society. Definition of pornography Ethics examines the basic concepts of values. This is because, values shape what individuals define as wrong or right, moral or immoral, fair or unfair, good or bad etc. In more general terms, ethics is focused on inventing or studying systems that individuals may refer to when addressing ‘what is good’ (Beauchamp, 2002).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ethics also seeks to provide answers on how a person ought to be living or carrying out his duties. As consequence, it is an important and complex component that should be integrated in law, religion and the society in general as a base for definition of morals or standards. Thus, everybody in one way or another should understand and practice ethic to morally upright (Beauchamp, 2002). Pornography can be defined as materials that portray erotic content, or the set of all obscene materials, which are intended to cause sexual arousal. These materials can be in the form of literature, pictures and videos. However, this definition is ambiguous. This is because the concept sexual arousal and the definition of obscenity or erotic materials are relative terms i.e. they depend on an i ndividual or the social context under which they appear or exist. Moreover, this definition fails to answer a simple question; how much content must be there for a material to be classified as obscene or erotic? Can it be a single image, a whole video clip or suggestive dialogue? Under the umbrella of ethics, Pornography is can be redefined as a struggle or fight that describes an argument, not a thing, about erotic representation. For example, if a group of persons decided that an erotic representation is beautiful, then it is likely to be considered a creative artwork. Thus, pornography in such a contest and a struggle between those who attempt to create erotic material and those who attempt to suppress it, or a contest between allowing or denying an individual the right to display explicitly sexuality (Strossen, 2000). However, this struggle is not uniform globally and is dependent on the social values of a given locality. For instance, walking in bikini is normal in some places and others it is considered obscene. Ethical aspect of pornography The pornography, a subsector of the entertainment industry, is the most profitable sector to venture in. So far, it is the richest industry with an unexplainable exponential growth rate. As at 2007, this industry was recorded to have generated a total revenue of $57 billion worldwide, with the top four most selling erotic material being in the form of adult videos, escort videos, magazines and sex clubs respectively.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pornography and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This revenue was much greater than the total combination of revenues received from professional football, baseball, and basketball franchise (Family safe media, 2011). Egoism and Welfarism perspectives of ethics justify the ethical nature of pornography. In this view, the humongous revenue arising from pornography suggests that the indust ry is a major form of lucrative employment to the actors, website mangers, movie directors and other direct or indirect participants. Moreover, it is the shortest route to becoming famous and it assists the government in earning revenue. Therefore, this industry is a means of obtaining income is legally, and is more acceptable than begging or stealing. Moreover, it does not require sophisticated training or advanced degrees to venture in or to be successful (Strossen, 2000). Thus, the industry serves the interests of the participants and is therefore ethical. Pornography is the new adopted tool for advertising. This is because of the psychological association that potential consumers have attached to sexuality. Men are visual creatures while women like attention. Thus, images of beautiful, naked or barely dressed women attached in advertisement attract men and give the product an association beauty. On the other hand, women would watch the adverts in order to ascertain what makes im ages gain that much attention. Overall, the objective of the product advertisement is achieved (Attwooll Brockmà ¶ller, 2001). Leisure is the outcome of an experience or activity i.e. the feeling of satisfaction. Pornography viewing is a form of entertainment and leisure activity that many modern people have adopted. Nowadays, it is very common to find people over the weekend sitting and relaxing just watching erotic materials over the internet or on DVD.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To such individuals, it is source of pleasure, satisfaction, and to group viewers, it is means of bonding together (Strossen, 2000). Thus under the hedonistic utilitarianism, which requires that people should maximizes all the avenues of pleasure in the short life span for an individual’s own good, seeking pleasure through pornography is ethical (Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, 2008). The hidden nature of sexuality has for a long time forbidden parents from talking about sex to their children. Children left with option of learning about sex from schools, which do not effectively teach about sex. However, the most hilarious TV commercials and soap operas, watched by children and adults, openly display pornographic materials. Actors discuss morality, act getting pregnant and extramarital affairs, and above all, they have scenes that portray sexuality as a process whereby two people meet fall in love or not but eventually fall to bed. This begs the question of appropriateness of the audience. Th us, existence of pornographic materials has transformed sex education. Parents are coerced to openly speak about sex to their children, least they may regret what their children may become. Unethical aspect of Pornography In religious perspective, human body is compared with temple of god and sex is considered a religious form of intimacy and hence sacred. Also, sex is considered a divine gift that gives human beings the divine power of co-creation. Thus , it should be done by only married couples in a dignified manner, for the purpose of procreation. Thus pornography demoralizes sex by addressing with casualness and in a careless manner. The slow and gradual introduction of pervert principles makes those perceived to be lesser evils acceptable. Pornography operates in a similar manner, and through it sexually explicit contents have become widespread acceptable (Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, 2008). Thus, it encourages acceptance of sexual perversion and adultery which are considered sin before god . In most instances, people who come into constant with despicable images are prone sexual acts such as to premarital sex, sodomy, lesbianism and sex outside marriage, which are condemned in the holy books such as the Bible and Quran. â€Å"Consequentialists† argue that morals attached to action are subject to the outcome. The outcomes associated with addiction to, prolonged or continuous consumption pornographic content has very negative repercussions (Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, 2008). For instance, it leads to building up of tolerance towards plain sex. As consequence, an individual is tempted â€Å"to explore more deviant forms of sexuality† such as fetishism, and â€Å"paraphilias†. Moreover, the hype portrayed by porn stars can lead frigidity and sexual dysfunction, which are detrimental to marriages, and are major contributors of divorce, promiscuity and clandestine relationship within the marriage circle. This makes pornography unethical. Existence of Pornography con tent in work places, places the workplace at a risk that can attract legal liability, loss of production and loss of bandwidth. Firstly, pornography is addictive and may make employees less focused on work related issues hence becoming less productive. Secondly, Pornographic content can lead to arousal of employees and may encourage sexual harassment and intercourses at work places. Sexual harassment may attract legal liability. Lastly, transfer of pornographic materials over peer to peer networks consumes a lot of company’s connection bandwidth and this can cripple the networking services of an organization. Technology is becoming so cheap that it has made access to erotic content easy for children. Children who view pornographic materials act out the sexual fantasies that they see with other children and adults. This has significantly contributed to fornication and premarital sex, teenage pregnancy, venturing into prostitution at an early age, and contacting of sexually tra nsmitted diseases. Thus the outcome or consequence of having pornographic materials has negative effects on children and must be considered unethical (Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, 2008). Pornography supports the interests of few individual and therefore under the utilitarian approach, pornography is unethical.Feminists argue that pornography is has no entertaining value but rather a degradation of women. It promotes violence against women and also portrays them as weak and undeserving respect (Soble, 2006). Further, it promotes social vices and affects the attitudes of the user by endorsing rape myths, misogynist and negative attitudes towards women. They also view child pornography as immoral because it is a means of exploiting or abusing underdeveloped children for the sole purpose of making money. Moreover, they describe the audience as mentally incompetent or people with biological flaws, who other than protecting children enjoy their subordination (Soble, 2006). Independent perspectives It i s almost impossible to take a side over the concept of pornography. All actions in some way are justified by accompanied reasons. However, reasons that may justify a given action are not necessarily the motivating factors over the actions. Thus, the reasons given by different people as to why pornography is ethical or not, are not necessarily the same as their motivation for watching or not watching erotic materials. I find the argument against pornography more appealing in the sense that it is driven by reason rather than motivation. According to Kant, moral judgment is means of guiding behavior but it only expresses feelings and not facts. For instance, if a person derives pleasure from viewing erotic contents then it is moral (Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, 2008). However, this perspective cannot be used to justify pornography because feelings change frequently and without reason. This is unlike facts that are very difficult to change. Thus, ethical nature of pornography should be guided by fact s only, which strongly disapprove pornography. Hume argues that â€Å"actions are guided by faith and desires†. Thus the degree to which pornography is wrong or right depends on what the individual motivation or desires (Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, 2008). For example, religious persons oppose pornography because it is contrary to their faith. However, a porn actor or actress see the pornography as means of earning a living hence they would support it. Therefore, if an action is ethical and motivating then it considered right. The problem with this view is that faith and desires are relative and thus cannot be used to establish the ethical nature of pornography. Deontologists argue that it â€Å"is our duty to act morally at all times†. However, not all duties are absolute i.e. everything that is considered either moral or immoral have cases in which their rules are bent. Moreover, in reality morals and the associated theories do not provide all answers, and so every action must be guided by insight and proper judgment (Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, 2008). Therefore, Pornography is wrong based on its consequences or impacts. However, if watching or acting pornography can be justified if it is driven by positive motives (Attwooll Brockmà ¶ller, 2001). For example, a porn star that makes a living through acting erotic movies is justified to be involved in such an act. I strongly support the concept that â€Å"pornography is unethical†. This is because every individual is brought up under some societal values and norms for which engagement in pornography or with pornographic materials is not one of them. Pornography is a creation of the modern society, mainly as result of the hidden nature of sexuality, unemployment, and moral decadence. Although it exists it does not mean that people have to conform to it. Moreover, the amount of damage to the society resulting from pornography industry far outweighs the benefits i.e. very few stand to benefit heavily at the expense o f many people. The damages caused by pornography are real. Therefore pornography should be controlled- in terms of the quantity and access of the content- for the well being of the society at large. However, a total ban of pornography is barbaric and violation of an individual’s freedom to choice or freewill. Moreover, it may signal the end of livelihood of many who primarily depend on this industry. Conclusion The definition of pornography in an ethical context is ambiguous. This is because the boundaries to which an action or concept can be declared ethical are not clear. Thus any definition of pornography given, based on the type or quantity of the content, is subjective. The proponents of the pornography base most of their arguments based on egoism, freewill and motivation. Thus to them pornography is ethical as long as it addresses their own needs if comes at the expense of the society. They argue mainly on income, fame, business and education. On the other hand, the ant agonists of pornography justify their views on religious grounds, utilitarianism and consequentialism. According to them, pornography degrades the society and has detrimental effects in workplaces, marriages and above severely affects growth of children. References Attwooll, E. Brockmà ¶ller, A. (2001) Applied Ethics At The Turn Of The Millennium: Proceedings Of The 19th World Congress Of The International Association For Philosophy Of Law And Social Philosophy (IVR), New York, June 24-30, 1999 California: F. Steiner Beauchamp, P.T. (2002) Philosophical Ethics: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy. Illinois: McGraw-Hill College Family Safe Media (2010) Preserving Family Values in a Media Driven Society. From www.Familysafemedia.com. Accesses on October 29, 2011 Soble, A. (2006). Sex from Plato to Paglia: A Philosophical Encyclopedia. Ohio: Greenwood Strossen, N. (2000) Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex, and the Fight for Women’s Rights New York: New York University Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, T. (2008) Understanding Ethics: An Introduction to Moral Theory UK: Edinburgh University This research paper on Pornography and Ethics was written and submitted by user Hulkl1ng to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Organic Products Essay Example

Organic Products Essay Example Organic Products Essay Organic Products Essay Definition of Ecopreneurship The term â€Å"ecopreneur† is derived from two terms which are â€Å"entrepreneur† and â€Å"ecology. An entrepreneur is a person who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods and who accepts the risks associated with them. (Schaper, Michael. 2002) He can be anyone who identifies an opportunity in a market and has a belief that it would succeed in the economy and on that belief he starts exploiting the opportunity. They may create a new organization or may be a part of an existing organization where they revitalize the organization in response to their perceived opportunity. Generally, the word entrepreneur is used to denote a person who starts a new business but with time and more understanding of the subject, the revised definition of an   entrepreneur also includes â€Å"intrapreneurs†, that is an entrepreneur operating within a corporate environment. Entrepreneurs are the strategic factors in economic development and the central factors in the trade cycle as they are the driving force of an economy. Ecology or environmental biology is the branch of biology which takes into consideration the examination of living organisms in the natural environment. It includes the study of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. (Goliath. 2002). The ecology has reached enormous importance in the last years because of man’s interest in the environment in which he lives and to find ways to protect the environment in order to make it sustainable. The word ecopreneur is a portmanteau of â€Å"ecological† and â€Å"entrepreneur. An ecopreneur is an individual who is focused on ecologically-friendly issues and causes, attempting to do business in a way which benefits the environment. He may not be a person or entity only involved in products like solar powered cells, water conservation system or compostable packaging. In fact, an ecopreneur is anyone who ranks environment more than or equally to profits as his most effective criteria as a business owner (reuters, 2007) . While many entrepreneurs may be motivated, at least in part, to the mantra of â€Å"greed is great† on their journey to becoming a millionaire, growing numbers of ecopreneurs are adopting a different course, focusing on solving the problems facing society through the businesses they create, greening their bottom line. Many are redefining their wealth, as we have, not by the size of their bank account or square footage of their home. Wealth is defined by life’s tangibles: health, wellness, meaningful work, vibrant community life and family. †(John Ivanko. . The main aim of an ecopreneur is to build a firm which is more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Sustainability development is a pattern of resource use such that it not only meets present human needs, but also preserves the environment so that the resource can also be utilized by the future generations. Sustainable business, or green business, is enterprise that has no negative impact on the global or local environment, community, society, or economy- a business that strives to meet the triple bottom line (people, planet and profit). Often, sustainable businesses have progressive environmental and human rights policies. In general, business is described as green if it matches the following four criteria: * It incorporates principles of sustainability into each of its business decisions. * It supplies environmentally friendly products or services that replace demand for nongreen products and/or services. * It is greener than traditional competition. * It has made an enduring commitment to environmental principles in its business operations. Who is an Ecopreneur An entrepreneur whose business efforts are not only driven by profit, but also by a concern for the environment†. (Schuyler. 1998). The terms such as â€Å"Sustainopreneur†, â€Å"environmental Entrepreneur† and â€Å"eco capitalist† are synonymous with ecopreneur. The characteristics of ecopreneur are: * They all undertake business ventures which involves a measure of risk * They must identify a feasible business opportunity * Th eir activities must have a positive impact on the environment. * The degree of intentionality separates ecopreneur from accidental entrepreneurs. Principles of ecopreneurship There are some basic principles and measurements that can help guide the practice of ecopreneur and provide some basic standards of principle to this emerging group. 1. Energy and Resource Use Efficiency and Maximization: â€Å"In nature, one-way linear flows do not long survive. Nor, by extension, can they long survive in the human economy that is a part of the earths ecosystem. The challenge is to redesign the materials economy so that it is compatible with the ecosystem†. (Lester Brown. Earth Policy Institute). By minimizing waste production and maximizing reuse of waste streams, sustainable business can potentially significantly increase profits. 2. Ecosystem Services: Services related to protection of ecosystem and natural resources and preventing environmental degradation can be an inspiration for a green business idea for ecopreneurs. 3. Natural step principles: Ecopreneurs can see potential risks, such as extinction of substances extracted from the Earth’s crust or overharvesting etc, as opportunities for success through green business. 4. Eco- efficiency and eco-effectiveness: Ecopreneurs should find methods of decreasing waste while increasing productivity such that the waste of the production process and the product itself can be the raw materials of a new product of service. Drivers and Challenges The driving forces behind ecopreneurship are as follows: 1. Global population growth: Ecopreneurs realize that as the resources and land area is limited, so it is their responsibility to ensure that there are enough resources not only to fulfill the needs of the current population which is growing continuously, but also for the future generations. Hence they should find ways to conserve energy, materials, and resources by developing new technologies or finding ways to control birth rate and finding ways to meet the food and shelter demand for the growing population in order to make sustainability possible. 2. Increasing life expectancy: Ecopreneurs value life, not only their own and of family members, but of the whole humanity. They want everyone to live a longer and healthier life, that is why they develop products and ways to increase life expectancy such as healthier food, purified water etc. . Climate change: Climate shapes the way we live on this planet and the way we live, work and play is advertently changing the climate. The pollutants released in the air due to use of fossil fuels is adversely affecting the climate. In order to sustain the climate, ecopreneurs are involved in finding alternate ways to produce energy such as using wind, water and solar energy. 4. Resource scarcity: The diminishing natural resources are a great issue as we will be left with no natural resources if we do not sustain them. In order to sustain them, ecopreneurs constantly look for alternatives by recycling them or using a cheaper, abundantly available resource if possible. 5. Lack of equity in the world: The people of the world are living in a continuum, with one end which has all the facilities of the world including the best quality food, water and home, while on the other end are people who do not even have the basic necessities of life. Ecopreneurs want to make sure that every living being on the world is treated equally so that no one is deprived of anything. That is why they are active members of movements such as WTO and also find ways to produce goods and services affordable by everyone. They are also involved in philanthropic acts such as giving charity donations to help the deprived people of the society (Environlution, 2010). Organic Food as Eco Friendly Product Organic foods are foods that are produced using methods that do not involve modern synthetic inputs such as synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers, do not contain genetically modified organisms, and are not processed using irradiation, industrial solvents, or chemical food additives. For the vast majority of human history, agriculture can be described as organic; only during the 20th century was a large supply of new synthetic chemicals introduced to the food supply. The organic farming movement arose in the 1940s in response to the industrialization of agriculture known as the Green Revolution. Organic food production is a heavily regulated industry, distinct from private gardening. Currently, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan and many other countries require producers to obtain special certification in order to market food as organic within their borders. ORGANIC VERSUS CONVENTIONALLY- PRODUCED FOOD Although the attributes associated with organic foods may be difficult to identify by visual inspection alone, most consumers purchase organic products because of a perception that these products have unique (and in some cases superior) attributes compared to conventionally grown alternatives (Vindigni et. al, 2002). On the other hand, a major rea son why some consumers do not purchase organic foods is linked to a perception that such foods are not better than their conventionally produced alternatives (Jolly et al. 1989). There is, thus, a continuing debate about whether organically produced products are superior to and/or different from conventionally produced alternatives and, if so, in terms of what characteristics. * CONSUMER AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ORGANIC FOOD The environmental ethic that gained worldwide prominence with Earth Day 1990 placed emphasis on individual responsibility (for personal health) and social action (on environmental quality and animal welfare) (MacEachern 1990; Jolly, 1991). Personal responsibilities include making informed consumer choices. This, in turn, requires consumer knowledge and awareness about competing products. Knowledge and awareness have other direct and indirect effects on attitudes toward consumer products, and the willingness to pay a price premium. Because organic products are credence goods, consumers (unlike producers who are aware that their products are organic) may not know whether a product is produced using organic or conventional methods, not even after repeated purchase and consumption, unless they are told so (Giannakas, 2002). Thus, awareness and knowledge about organically produced foods are critical in the consumer purchase decisions. If an individual cannot clearly differentiate between two alternative products, a price premium on the organic product can confuse and/or affect the individual’s purchasing decision, in favor of the cheaper product. Most studies on consumer knowledge about organic products reflect a conceptual belief that is true and justified. Consequently, studies typically use measurement methods that essentially rely on correctness to answers on survey questionnaire (Hunt, 2003). Correct (or incorrect) responses imply that the respondent has knowledge (or does not have knowledge) about organic foods and products. Hunt (2003) has noted some limitations associated with such a narrow definition of consumer knowledge, and proposed a wider definition and measurement that captures other important, but often neglected, dimensions of knowledge. Studies that investigated the level of consumer awareness and knowledge about organic foods include Jolly et al. (1989), Ekelund (1990), Akgungor et al. 1997), Hutchins and Greenhalgh (1997), Wang et al. (1997), Compagnoni et al. (2000), Environics (2001), Oystein et al. (2001), Kenano? lu and Karahan (2002), Cunningham (2002), Demeritt (2002), Hill and Lynchehaun (2002). A critical review of these studies suggests that, overall, there is some consumer awareness about organic foods around the world. This awareness is high especially in Western Europe, where the organic market is relatively well developed, compared to other reg ions of the world. Consumer awareness of organic products in North America compares reasonably well with that of Western Europe. Although there is general consumer awareness around the world, the literature also suggests that consumers have inconsistent interpretations about what is ‘organic’. For example, in a survey of consumers in three California counties, Jolly et al. (1989) found that respondents associated organic produce with no pesticides, no artificial fertilizer, no growth regulators, and residue-free products. Similarly, survey respondents in the UK perceived ‘organic farming’ to imply absence of chemicals, ‘absence of growth hormones’, and ‘not intensively grown’ or ‘products grown naturally’ (Hutchins and Greenhalgh, 1997). In a more recent study for the UK, respondents described organically produced food as one that is more natural and healthy, compared to conventional food (Hill and Lynchehaun, 2002). Furthermore, there was no difference in the UK consumers’ understanding of â€Å"organic† among organic and non-organic food buyers. In other words, both buyers of organic and non-organic products felt that organic alternatives have no pesticides and/or use no chemical fertilizers, and are natural and healthy. In contrast, Jolly (1991) reported a substantial difference in how US buyers and non-buyers rated organic product quality, compared to conventionally grown products. Consumer knowledge and awareness will continue to be important in the organic food market in two respects. First, there is still a segment of the potential market that is not yet informed about organic foods. For example, in a US study which reported that knowledge and awareness was considered the number one reason why consumers do not buy organic food, 59% respondents indicated that they never considered organic products because they did not know about them (Demeritt, 2002). A second dimension to the knowledge and awareness puzzle is the possibility that those who do not consider organic products may have a general knowledge about them, but do not have enough detailed information to clearly differentiate the unique attributes of organic from conventionally grown alternatives. In summary, knowledge and awareness about organic products can affect attitudes and perceptions about the product and, ultimately, buying decisions. If the skepticism about organic products stemming, in part, from reported cases of mislabeling and fraud are assuaged, perceptions about the appeal and inherent characteristics of organic may translate into actual demand. * CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS Consumers actions regarding organic food stem from attitudes that in turn, are linked to a complex set of ideas, motivations and experiences. Beliefs and perceptions are highly subjective notions (Fishbein and Ajzein, 1975), because they reflect opinions about the objective state of the world. Although in reality such perceptions may or may not be true, the individual who holds the perception thinks that it is true. Given Lancasters (1966) notion that consumers demand bundles of product characteristics, perceptions about particular (desirable) characteristics of organic food can influence a buyers choice. Studies on consumer perceptions about organic versus conventionally produced food therefore attempt to determine what consumers think is true. By comparison, consumer attitudes are likes and dislikes. That is, the positive and negative orientations toward organic or conventionally grown food. Weistberg et al. (1996) argued that consumer preference for a particular product is based on attitudes toward available alternatives. Thus if consumers are asked to indicate their preferences regarding organically versus conventionally produced food, such respondents typically compare their attitudes toward the methods of purchasing the goods, and/or the product characteristics under consideration, before stating their preferences. Although particular attitudes are often assumed to lead to specific behaviors, the food and nutrition science and social-psychological literature provide limited evidence to support the assumption (Goldman and Clancy, 1991; Sims, 1980). Overall, the scholarly literature suggests that various consumer attitudes work in contrasting ways- for and against purchasing organic products. Several consumer studies have been undertaken in North America and Europe to assess consumer perceptions about organic foods (e. g. Hay, 1989; Ott, 1990; Huang et al, 1990, Huang et al, 1993; Misra et al, 1991; Jolly et al, 1989; Jolly, 1991; Goldman and Clancy, 1991; Ekelund, 1990; Baker and Crosbie, 1993; Swanson and Lewis, 1993; Groff et al, 1993; Sylvander, 1993; Buzby and Kees, 1994; Byrne et al, 1994; Fricke and von Alvensleben, 1997; Hack, 1997; Hutchins and Greenlagh, 1997; The Packer, 1998; Thompson and Kidwell, 1998; Oystein et al, 2001, O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002; Jolly, 2001; The Packer, 2001; Demeritt, 2002; Wolf, 2002; Cunningham, 2002). The key findings from selected studies on consumers’ attitudes and preferences about organic foods are summarized in Table 4. Most of these studies concluded that consumers purchase organic foods because of a perception that such products are safer, healthier, and more environmental friendly than conventionally produced alternatives. Some studies reported health and food safety as the number one quality attribute considered by organic product buyers. Concern for the environment was less important compared to food safety and health concerns, suggesting that such consumers might rank private or personal benefits higher than the social benefits of organic agriculture. * CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR ORGANIC FOOD Consumer preference for organic food is based on a general perception that organic products have more desirable characteristics than conventionally grown alternatives. Apart from health, food safety and environmental considerations, several other product characteristics such as nutritive value, taste, freshness, appearance, color and other sensory characteristics influence consumer preferences (Bourn and Prescott, 2002). Studies that investigated the effect of organic quality attributes and other characteristics on consumer preferences include Jolly et al. , 1989; Hay, 1989; Ekelund, 1990; Jolly, 1991; Jolly and Norris, 1991; Sylvander, 1993; Buzby and Skees, 1994; Huang, 1996; Kyriakopoulos et al. 1997; Schifferstein and Oude-Ophuis, 1998; Akgungor et al. , 1997; Mahesh et al. , 1997; Land, 1998; Torjusen et al. , 1999; The Packer, 2001; Meatnews, 2001; Loureiro et al. , 2001; Aguirre, 2001; Demeritt, 2002; Wolf, 2002; and Cunningham, 2002. These studies differ in several respects, making comparisons across studies difficult. For example, there is inconsistency in defining the concept of quality. Thus, while some studies examined quality in terms of both sensory and nutritive characteristics, others differentiate sensory characteristics from nutritive attributes. Thus, different studies may have conveyed different notions of quality to the various survey respondents. In general, the empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that product quality characteristics affect consumers’ preferences for organic food; with the most important including nutritional value, economic value, freshness, flavor or taste, ripeness, and general appearance (especially of fruits and vegetables). Wolf (2002), for example, reported that respondents in California rated fresh-tasting and fresh-looking grapes as the most desirable attribute. Other North American surveys that ranked taste as the most important quality characteristic influencing consumer demand include The Packer (2002), Cunningham (2002), and Demerit (2002). The Packer (2002) reported that 87% of US respondents identified taste as the primary factor considered in the purchase of fresh produce. Cunningham (2002) also reported that 93% of Canadian respondents prefer food products with good taste. In contrast, studies for other parts of the world (e. g. , Jolly et al. , 1989; Buzby and Skees, 1994; Torjusen et al. 1999) reported that consumers ranked nutritional value and freshness higher than taste and other related quality characteristics. While most studies reviewed for North America tended to suggest that consumers rank taste and related sensory characteristics as more important than food safety and environmental concerns, studies in the other regions (such as the EU) tended to place health and food safety, and environmental concerns at the top of the pr eference ranking (see, for example, Sylvander, 1993; Shifferstein and Oude Ophuis, 1997; Akgungor et al. 1997; Aguirre, 2001; Sandalidou et al. , 2002). What seems clear, and consistent across studies, is that consumers in all regions tend to prefer locally grown organic produce, compared to shipments from other places. In addition, organic product purchase decisions tend to be influenced more by product quality and other inherent characteristics, than by price premium. On the other hand, several studies (e. g. , Sylverstone, 1993; Buzby and Skees, 1994; Davies et al. , 1995; Roddy et al. , 1996; Latacz-Lohman and Foster, 1997, Worner and Meier-Ploeger, 1999; Oystein et al. 2001; Demeritt, 2002; O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002) reported that price premium, lack of knowledge and product availability were the major reasons preventing non-buyers from purchasing organic food. Demeritt (2002), for example, reported that the most important reason why US consumers did not purchase orga nic food was lack of knowledge or awareness. About 59% of those who did not purchase organic products indicated they never really considered organic, while 39% indicated that price was the main inhibiting factor. Another 16% reported they did not purchase organic foods because of limited availability. Davies et al. (1995) and O’Donovan and McCarthy (2002) also reported product availability and price as key inhibitors to consumers’ demand for organic foods in Ireland. According to Davis (1995), two-thirds of non-buyers of organic food in Ireland reported they would buy organic if it was easily available. By comparison, O’Donovan and McCarthy (2002) reported that among Irish respondents who did not purchase organic food, 43% indicated it was too expensive, 28% cited lack of availability, while 29% were just not interested. Challenges in Organic Food Industry Successful transition from niche to mainstream status The major challenge the organic food industry faces is the successful transition from niche to mainstream status. Although organic foods are becoming more visible in European food retailers, they have yet to acquire broad appeal with consumers. Organic foods are not considered to have mainstream status since a small amount of consumers account for the majority of purchases in most countries. For instance, consumer research shows that 61% of organic foods in the UK are purchased by 7% of consumers. In Denmark, 1% of consumers account for 80% of purchases. Although many consumers are now buying organic foods in European countries, a small consumer base is responsible for the bulk of purchases. This is responsible for slowing growth rates in countries like Denmark and the UK. Organic foods need to have broader consumer appeal if they are to take mainstream status in the food industry and the major challenge faced by many organic food companies is how to expand the loyal consumer base. Prevention of fraudulent business practices A number of cases have been reported in the last couple of years of non-organic food being labelled and sold as organic food. For instance, in May 2001 it was discovered that 20,000 tonnes of non-organic grain was imported and sold as organic grain to unsuspecting British organic farmers and producers. This is a major threat to the industry for consumers purchase organic foods because of the belief that it has been grown according to organic farming principles. The continuation of these fraudulent cases risks undermining consumer confidence in organic foods. Consumer demand for organic foods, especially imported products, could collapse if this type of fraud continues. Continuing political support required for industry development. There is growing pressure to reform the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and changes are likely in the short term. There is a need for political representation of organic farming. Organic farming needs to be promoted at the ministerial level as a sustainable form of agriculture. The question is: who will take the lead with political change happening on a regular basis due to the growing trend of coalition governments? Protection of price premium Organic foods, because of their nature of production, have a price premium over conventional foods. This can range from 15% for organic milk to over 100% for some organic exotic fruit and specialty cheeses. There is growing pressure for organic food growers and producers to reduce production costs. This pressure comes from retailers, which attempt to narrow the price premium as low as possible in order to encourage consumer demand. The major barrier to product adoption in many countries consumers is the high price. The concern is that this pressure could translate into a compromise in organic standards and the method of production. For instance, organic farmers can be tempted to produce to the lowest standards of organic production in order to cut costs. This is likely to erode consumer confidence and promote divisions in the organic food industry on the lines of organic standards. Recommendations for organic food industry * Food safety, hygienic regulations and consumer protection Politicians and decision makers should promote the idea of mature and responsible producers and consumers with regard to food safety. Controls and liability for food safety should not be burdened only on the shoulders of governments and authorities. Citizens will relieve authorities by accepting responsibility too. The duty of governments and authorities will only be to function as controllers of private control services. Producers, processors, traders and consumers should hold regular meetings on round tables and develop mutual confidence with the aim to accept together responsibility for food safety. Fair prices (no dumping prices) for high quality and healthy food are an important precondition to guarantee food safety. The practiced biodynamic farm model to produce a high percentage of the animal feedstuff directly on the farm and use mainly the own fertilizer is a very suitable one to ensure food safety. * Food quality Creation of consciousness that food quality means more than producing hygienic sound nutrition. Food quality must not be reduced only to chemical detectable contents. Conventional food quality analyses should be supplemented by other analytical methods that can detect vital force in foodstuffs. The production of superior food quality( that fulfils all quality aspects) should be promoted. Education in organic farming Promoting education of children in schools about organic food and agriculture. Establishing and funding of vocational education programs especially for organic Farming. Funding of practical studies and training in organic farming organizations. Reference * Website quicklogodesign. com/blog/ecopreneurship-entrepreneurs-and-ecology. * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainable_business * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Triple_bottom_line#Definition * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Principles_of_ecopreneurship * http://academic-papers. rg/ocs2/session/Papers/F6/216-2066-1-DR. doc * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Organic_food * just-food. com/analysis/european-organic-food-industry-challenges-future-outlook_id93636. aspx * http://demeter. net/brussels/di_eu_action_plan. pdf * greenprof. org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/The-Making-of-the-Ecopreneur. pdf ajofai. info/Abstract/Consumer%20knowledge%20and%20perception%20about%20organic%20food%20a%20challenge%20for%20consumer%20education%20on%20the%20benefits%20of%20going%20organic. pdf

The Possibility of Ethical Leadership, Pro and Con Essay

The Possibility of Ethical Leadership, Pro and Con - Essay Example The pros and cons of ethical leadership are then dependent on belief systems, definitions and current trends in society. Understanding how these influence others within a society helps to create and define several aspects of those that are considering the practice of ethical leadership. The concept of ethical leadership is one which is currently considered a central issue among businesses, educational systems, institutions, politics and other areas where leaders are required. The history of ethical leadership begins with types of leadership values which have been defined in each of these segments. This is inclusive of characteristic tests, such as kindness, sobriety and altruism. This aspect of leadership is often referred to as the 10 commandments of leadership. The concept continues with values which individuals have when becoming leaders, including ethical and moral values of the individual as well as strategic positions which each use with personal and social behaviors that are a ble to influence those in the surrounding area. The ethical definition is one that is then based on how one interacts with others and the characteristics which an individual has to influence others that are within a specific social status (Ciulla, 2004). The defining points of leaders in any situation also give question to the pros of having the characteristics and ideologies of belief systems among leaders. ... This is combined with the ideology of personalism, in which the leader is able to become a servant leader while working with others. By having a sense of morality among those, there is the ability to transform and empower others that are in the surrounding environment while helping to change the understanding of the vision and the actions which are taken among those who are a part of the community and which have a personal relationship to those that are in power (Whetstone, 2002). Another aspect that is currently a part of ethical leadership is based on the ability to create standards for upholding representations of integrity, sincerity and value. Businesses have created a general stigma in relation to the ethics that are withheld at a global level, specifically through standards such as corporate leadership. The attribute of ethical leadership is based on upholding standards of morality in various regions, specifically which upholds corporate standards, laws of a given region and s ocial expectations within that region. The outcome that is expected is based on the capability of creating ethical responses and social reforms that offer fair and accurate information through reports and expectations that are from those in society. These may be based on trends and standards of institutions or may be associated with overcoming challenges that are within a given region (Laufer, 2003). Even though it is expected that ethical leadership is able to provide a value base for every realm of action, there are also several cons to the concept of morals in leaders. The first is based on the concept of authentic leadership. This states that there are leaders who comply with